Words in the second declension ending in -us or -er are usually masculine. Masculine nouns include all those referring to males, such as dominus "master", puer "boy", deus "god", but also some inanimate objects such as hortus "garden", exercitus "army", mōs "custom".To a certain extent, the genders follow the meanings of the words (for example, winds are masculine, tree-names feminine): ipsum bellum "the war itself" ( neuter).ipsa rēgīna "the queen herself" ( feminine).ipse rēx "the king himself" ( masculine).The difference is shown in the pronouns and adjectives that refer to them, for example: Nouns are divided into three genders, known as masculine, feminine, and neuter. castra "a camp", litterae "a letter", nūptiae "a wedding". A few nouns, called plūrālia tantum ("plural only"), although plural in form, have a singular meaning, e.g. Most Latin nouns have two numbers, singular and plural: rēx "king", rēgēs "kings". 2.3 Comparative and superlative adjectives.In this article a line over a vowel (e.g. For example, the Latin verb exit (a compound of ex and it) means "he/she/it goes out". (A language with this characteristic is known as a pro-drop language.) Latin also exhibits verb framing in which the path of motion is encoded into the verb rather than shown by a separate word or phrase. Latin usually omits pronouns as the subject except for emphasis so for example amās by itself means "you love" without the need to add the pronoun tū "you". vir bonus or bonus vir "a good man", although some kinds of adjectives, such as adjectives of nationality ( vir Rōmānus "a Roman man") usually follow the noun. (See Latin word order.)Īn adjective can come either before or after a noun, e.g. Different word orders are used to express different shades of emphasis. Latin word order tends to be subject–object–verb however, other word orders are common. Note the opening door in the background and the unshod feet of the first pupil. The scene is an allegory of grammar and, by implication, all of education. Priscian, or the Grammar, marble cameo panel dated 1437–1439 from the bell tower of Florence, Italy, by Luca della Robbia. There is no definite or indefinite article in Latin, so that rēx can mean "king", "a king", or "the king" according to context. Some nouns have a seventh case, the locative this is mostly found with the names of towns and cities, e.g. Genitive ("of"), dative ("to" or "for"), ablative ("with" or "in"), and vocative (used for addressing). Most nouns have six cases: nominative (subject), accusative (object), These different endings are called "cases". There are also two numbers: singular ( mulier "woman") and plural ( mulierēs "women").Īs well as having gender and number, nouns, adjectives, and pronouns have different endings according to their function in the sentence, for example, rēx "the king" (subject), but rēgem "the king" (object). The gender of a noun is shown by the adjectives and pronouns that refer to it: e.g., hic vir "this man", haec mulier "this woman", hoc nōmen "this name". Nouns belong to one of three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Most verbal forms consist of a single word, but some tenses are formed from part of the verb sum "I am" added to a participle for example, ductus sum "I was led" or ductūrus est "he is going to lead". Thus verbs can take any of over 100 different endings to express different meanings, for example regō "I rule", regor "I am ruled", regere "to rule", regī "to be ruled". The inflections are often changes in the ending of a word, but can be more complicated, especially with verbs. Nouns are inflected for number and case pronouns and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case, and gender and verbs are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood. Latin is a heavily inflected language with largely free word order.
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